Combined automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast and carbon monoxide detecting device

ABSTRACT

A combined automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO) detecting device includes an ADS-B circuitry configured to receive an ADS-B transmission, a CO sensor configured to obtain a CO reading for ambient air in an aircraft cabin, a processor configured to generate a data stream combining the ADS-B transmission and the CO reading, and a wireless communication circuitry configured to provide the data stream to at least one aircraft crew computing device.

BACKGROUND

Aircraft are increasingly equipped with surveillance technology such asthe automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) technology,providing the aircraft crew with weather, traffic, and otherinformation. ADS-B equipment helps lower an aircraft crew's workload,increases safety, and may become mandatory in the future.

SUMMARY

In general, in one aspect, one or more embodiments relate to a combinedautomatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and carbon monoxide(CO) detecting device comprising: an ADS-B circuitry configured toreceive an ADS-B transmission; a CO sensor configured to obtain a COreading for ambient air in an aircraft cabin; a processor configured togenerate a data stream combining the ADS-B transmission and the COreading; and a wireless communication circuitry configured to providethe data stream to at least one aircraft crew computing device.

In general, in one aspect, one or more embodiments relate to anin-flight safety enhancing system comprising: a combined automaticdependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO)detecting device configured to receive an ADS-B transmission and obtaina CO reading; and a flight application executing on an aircraft crewcomputing device separate from the combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice, and configured to: receive the ADS-B transmission and the COreading; augment the flight application with information extracted fromthe ADS-B transmission; and provide a CO status notification when the COreading exceeds a CO threshold value.

In general, in one aspect, one or more embodiments relate to a methodfor enhancing in-flight safety, the method comprising: obtaining, by acombined ADS-B and CO detecting device, a CO reading from a CO sensor;receiving, by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device, an ADS-Btransmission; and integrating, by the combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice, the CO reading and the ADS-B transmission into a data stream;and transmitting, by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device, thedata stream to an aircraft crew computing device.

Other aspects of the disclosed disclosure will be apparent from thefollowing description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a combined automatic dependent surveillance broadcast(ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO) detecting device communicating withaircraft crew computing devices, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows an aircraft crew computing device in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show flowcharts describing methods for COmonitoring, performed by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device, inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show flowcharts describing methods for COmonitoring, performed by an aircraft crew computing device, inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a user interface, in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show computing systems in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific embodiments of the disclosed technology will now be describedin detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Like elements inthe various figures may be denoted by like reference numerals and/orlike names for consistency.

The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature, and isnot intended to limit the disclosed technology or the application anduses of the disclosed technology. Furthermore, there is no intention tobe bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the precedingtechnical field, background, brief summary or the following detaileddescription.

In the following detailed description of embodiments of the disclosedtechnology, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea more thorough understanding of the disclosed technology. However, itwill be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosedtechnology may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well-known features have not been described in detail toavoid unnecessarily complicating the description.

Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third,etc.) may be used as an adjective for an element (i.e., any noun in theapplication). The use of ordinal numbers is not to imply or create anyparticular ordering of the elements nor to limit any element to beingonly a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as by the use ofthe terms “before”, “after”, “single”, and other such terminology.Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between theelements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from asecond element, and the first element may encompass more than oneelement and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering ofelements.

Various embodiments of the disclosure enable a combined automaticdependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO)detecting device, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Thecombination of an ADS-B device and a CO detecting device may provideadditional safety to flight crews. The ADS-B component may provideweather, traffic and other information services to the flight crew.These services may improve the flight crew's ability to make informeddecisions, reduce the workload, improve situational awareness, etc. TheCO detecting component may warn the flight crew of potentially dangerousCO levels inside the cabin.

The combined automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and COdetecting device in a portable configuration may be particularlysuitable for use in smaller aircraft that are not necessarily equippedwith a permanently installed ADS-B system. Similarly, the availabilityof the CO sensor may be highly beneficial in smaller aircraft where COingress may occur when cabin heating is obtained by directing fresh airover the engine muffler, allowing CO-rich exhaust gases to enter thecabin in case of a leaky exhaust system.

Turning to FIG. 1, a combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (100)communicating with aircraft crew computing devices (190A-190C), inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure, is shown. TheADS-B and CO detecting device (100) and the aircraft crew computingdevices (190A-190C) may communicate via wireless transmissions (180).

In one or more embodiments, the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device(100) is portable and may be temporarily installed in an aircraft. Asuction cup mount (150) may be used to removably mount the combinedADS-B and CO detecting device (100) to a surface inside an aircraftcabin such as the windshield of the aircraft. The combined ADS-B and COdetecting device (100) may be integrated in a single compact housing toavoid blocking the view of the pilot. In one or more embodiments, thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device (100) includes a power button(112) and status indicators (114), whose functions are described below.

Features provided by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (100)may be used by the pilot of the aircraft, the copilot of the aircraft,and/or passengers of the aircraft. The features may be made available onthe aircraft crew computing devices (190A-190C), which may be tablets,smartphones, laptop computers, etc., that are wirelessly connected tothe combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (100). The ADS-B and COdetecting device (100) in combination with one or more aircraft crewcomputing devices (190A-190C) may form an in-flight safety enhancingsystem. A detailed description of the features of the combined ADS-B andCO detecting device (100) is provided below.

Turning to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice (200), in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure, is shown. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (200)includes an ADS-B module (210), a CO sensor (220), a GPS sensor (230), apressure sensor (240), a temperature sensor (250), and/or an attitudeand heading reference system (AHRS) (260). Further, the combined ADS-Band CO detecting device (200) may include status indicators (270), aphotosensor (280), a processor (290), a memory (292), a wirelesscommunication module (294), and a battery (296). Each of thesecomponents is subsequently described.

The ADS-B module (210) may provide inflight weather traffic and otherinformation to users of the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device(200). Broadly speaking, the ADS-B module receives ADS-B transmissions.More specifically, weather and other information such as notices toairmen (NOTAMs) may be obtained using the Flight Information SystemBroadcast (FIS-B) service. Further, traffic may be obtained using theTraffic Information System Broadcast (TIS-B) service. In one or moreembodiments, the ADS-B module (210) operates in the ADS-B In mode. Thesignals for the FIS-B and/or TIS-B services may be received from groundtowers and/or air-to-air. The ADS-B module is an ADS-B circuitry thatmay include antennas, signal processing circuitry, processors, and acommunication interface to output the received information to theprocessor (290). In one or more embodiments, an extended GDL90 protocolis used for the communications of the between ADS-B device.

The CO sensor (220) may provide CO measurements of the ambient air,e.g., in the aircraft cabin. The CO sensor may be a semiconductor-basedsensor, such as a metal oxide semiconductor sensor. Any CO sensingprinciple may be used without departing from the disclosure. The outputof the CO sensor may be processed by a signal conditioning circuit ofthe CO sensor. The processing may include amplification and analog todigital conversion. The processed output of the CO sensor may bereceived by the processor (290) as a CO reading. The CO sensor mayperform a periodic self-test to ensure proper operation. A CO sensorstatus signal may be provided to the processor (290) to indicate whetherthe CO sensor is operating properly.

The GPS sensor (230) may provide location information. The locationinformation may be available to the aircraft crew computing devices andmay be used, for example, to update the current location in a displayedmap, which may then be used for other functionalities such as trafficdisplay functions, including the filtering of distant traffic andtraffic alerting. In addition, a current time obtained from the GPSsensor (230) may be used by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device(100) to maintain an internal time, which may be used for loggingevents, etc. The GPS sensor may support various Global NavigationSatellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS including Wide Area AugmentationSystem (WAAS), Galileo, GLONASS, and BeiDu. The GPS sensor (230) maydigitally interface with the processor (290) to provide the locationinformation.

The pressure sensor (240) may provide pressure measurements that may beused to determine an altitude. The pressure sensor may be based on anysensing principle, without departing from the disclosure. The output ofthe pressure sensor may be processed by a signal conditioning circuit ofthe pressure sensor. The processing may include amplification and analogto digital conversion. The processed output of the pressure sensor maybe received by the processor (290).

The temperature sensor (250) may provide temperature measurements. Thetemperature sensor may be a thermocouple or a resistive-type temperaturesensor. Alternatively, any other temperature sensing principle may beused without departing from the disclosure. The output of thetemperature sensor may be processed by a signal conditioning circuit ofthe temperature sensor. The processing may include amplification andanalog to digital conversion. The processed output of the temperaturesensor may be received by the processor (290). In one or moreembodiments, the temperature measurements may be used for a temperaturecompensation of the CO measurement by the CO sensor (230).

The attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) (260) may be used as abackup system for a real-time depiction of the aircraft's attitude. Forexample, pitch and bank of the aircraft may be displayed in the userinterface (310) of the flight application (320) executing on thecomputing device (300). The AHRS (260) may include sensors formulti-axis attitude sensing. Sensors for roll, pitch, and/or yaw may beused. The sensors may include solid state, microelectromechanicalsystems (MEMS), gyroscopes, accelerometers, and/or magnetometers.Multiple sensory modalities may be combined using methods for sensordata fusion. The AHRS may be calibrated and re-calibrated to provideaccurate AHRS data regardless of the mounting position/orientation ofthe combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (200). The AHRS (260) maydigitally interface with the processor (290) to provide the attitudeinformation.

The status indicators (270) may be used to alert the aircraft crew basedon a measured CO concentration inside the aircraft cabin. The statusindicators may include visual and/or audio alerts. A light emittingdiode (LED) may be used for the visual alert. The LED may change color,based on the measured CO concentration. For example, when the COconcentration is below a threshold, the LED may be green, and when itrises above the threshold it may turn yellow. When the CO level reachesor exceed a potentially dangerous level, the LED may turn red. MultipleLEDs, flashing LEDs, or other types of indicators may alternatively beused to indicate the CO concentration. A buzzer, e.g. a piezoelectricbuzzer, may be used for the audio alert. The buzzer may be activated tosignal potentially dangerous levels of CO.

The photosensor (280) may be used to detect the ambient light level. Themeasured ambient light level may be used to adjust the brightness of thevisual status indicator(s) (270) to avoid disrupting dark adaptation ofthe aircraft crew's vision. The photosensor may be a photoresistor, aphotodiode, a phototransistor, etc.

The processor (290) may perform multiple functions. The processor (290)may combine the input of the various sensory modalities, e.g., the ADS-Btransmissions obtained from the ADS-B module (210) and the CO sensor(220) into a data stream to be sent to the aircraft crew computingdevices (190A-190C). The processor may further be configured to monitorCO levels. A description of at least some of the operations performed bythe processor (290) is provided below with reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B,and 4C. The processor (290) may be a processor similar to the processorof the computing system described in FIGS. 7A and 7B and may beinterfacing with additional hardware components such as the memory (292)and the wireless communication module (294). The processor may be acomponent of a system on a chip (SOC), i.e. an integrated circuit (IC)that integrates all components of a computing device into a single chip.The SOC may include one or more processor cores, associated memory(e.g., random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory, etc.), awireless local network (WLAN) interface, input and output devices suchas analog to digital converters, etc.

The memory (292) may include volatile and/or non-volatile memory such asrandom access memory (RAM) and flash memory, respectively. The memory(292) may store instructions for the operations to be performed by theprocessor (290). In addition, in one or more embodiments, the memory(292) may store a history of received ADS-B transmissions, for example,to support a weather replay at a later time.

The wireless communication module (294) may enable the data stream,including ADS-B and CO sensor data, to be sent to the aircraft crewcomputing devices (190A-190C). In one embodiment of the disclosure, thewireless communication module (294) is a wireless communicationcircuitry that operates as an access point supporting simultaneousconnection of multiple aircraft crew computing devices (e.g., fiveaircraft crew computing devices). With the ADS-B and/or CO sensor databeing available on multiple aircraft crew computing device, cockpitsharing may be implemented to facilitate workload distribution betweenthe pilot, co-pilot and/or passengers.

The battery (296) may power the components of the combined ADS-B and COdetecting device (200). The battery (296) may be dimensioned to providepower for at least twelve hours. The battery (296) may be a lithium-ionbattery or any other type of rechargeable battery.

While FIG. 2 shows a configuration of components, other configurationsmay be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Forexample, various components may be combined to create a singlecomponent. As another example, the functionality performed by a singlecomponent may be performed by two or more components. Accordingly, forat least the above-recited reasons, embodiments of the disclosedinvention should not be considered limited to the specific arrangementsof components and/or elements shown in FIG. 2.

Turning to FIG. 3, an aircraft crew computing device in accordance withone or more embodiments of the disclosure is shown. The aircraft crewcomputing device (300) may be a portable computing device such as atablet computer, a laptop or a smartphone. The aircraft crew computingdevice (300) may include components similar to the computing deviceshown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The aircraft computing device may execute aflight application (390) and a user interface (310). The aircraft crewcomputing device (300), in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure, is configured to execute a set of machine-readableinstructions (stored on a computer-readable medium) which, when executedby the aircraft crew computing device (300), perform one or more of theoperations described in the flowcharts of FIGS. 5A and 5B.

The flight application (390) may include various components that mayserve an aircraft crew, e.g., pilots, co-pilots, etc. These componentsmay include, for example, various types of maps (visual flight rules(VFR) sectionals, VFR and instrument flight rules (IFR) en-route charts,airport diagrams, terminal area charts, world aeronautical charts,surface maps showing terrain features, streets, weather charts, etc.).The maps may be set up as layers and/or overlays that give the flightcrew the flexibility to review the most relevant or desired features,while hiding currently non-relevant features in a situation-specificmanner. For example, based on an initial zoom level used to show alarger geographic area, only an airport symbol may be shown, and uponzooming in, airport diagrams, complete with runways, taxi labels, andfixed-based operator (FBO) locations may appear.

The flight application may be used to gather and view information duringa flight, but also to plan flights and/or to select routes based onflight plans. The selected routes may then be displayed on maps. Mapsprovided by the flight application may be moving maps for air and/orground operations that include an own-ship display indicting the currentposition of the aircraft on the moving map as the flight is progressing.

In one or more embodiments, the flight application (390) obtainsinformation from the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device (200). Morespecifically, the flight application may rely on data from the ADS-Bmodule (210) to provide the aircraft crew with information such asweather and traffic information. In addition, the flight application(390) may receive data from the CO sensor (220) to notify the aircraftcrew in case of a detected increased CO concentration inside theaircraft cabin. In one or more embodiments, the flight application (390)receives a single data stream including packets from both the CO sensor(220) and the ADS-B module (210) and optionally from one or more of theother sensors, such as the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor, etc.One or more operations performed by the flight application (390) may beperformed as described below with reference to the flowcharts of FIGS.5A and 5B.

The user interface (310) may enable an aircraft crew member, e.g., apilot, co-pilot, or a passenger to interact with the flight application(390). The flight application (390) may provide flight applicationcontent (320) to the aircraft crew member, and the flight application(310) may receive input from the aircraft crew member. The flightapplication content (320) may be provided in a display of the aircraftcrew computing device (300). Flight application content (320) mayinclude, but is not limited to, dynamic traffic and/or weather displaysfor animated next generation radar (NEXRAD), meteorological aerodromereports (METARs), terminal area forecasts (TAFs), airmen'smeteorological information (AIRMETs), significant meteorologicalinformation (SIGMETs), pilot reports (PIREPs), textual winds and tempsaloft, temporary flight restrictions (TFRs), notices to airmen (NOTAMs),special use airspace (SUA) information, and traffic alerts. At leastsome of the flight application content (320) may be generated ormodified based on input from the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device(200). More specifically, some of the flight application content (320)may be ADS-B content (330) provided by the ADS-B module, and in additiona CO monitoring status (340) may be shown.

The ADS-B content (330) may provide essential, from a flight safetystandpoint, additions to the flight application content (320), includingweather and traffic information in real-time or near-real time.Additionally, ADS-B content (330) may be “replayed” using ADS-B datastored in the memory (292) of the ADS-B and CO detecting device (200).

The CO monitoring status (340) may include warnings or status messagesappearing in the user interface (310) under certain conditions, forexample, when a higher-than-normal CO concentration is detected in thecabin. In addition, a CO measurement may always be available, e.g.,accessible via a menu.

The flight application content (320) may further be augmented byadditional input received from the ADS-B and CO detecting device (200).The flight application content (310) may include a depiction of theaircraft's attitude based on the AHRS (260) of the ADS-B and COdetecting device (200). The aircraft's attitude may be visualized in asynthetic vision system which may be used as a backup glass cockpit. Thesynthetic vision system may provide pitch and bank, terrain, obstacles,etc., during regular and/or emergency operations. In addition, inflightdata, such as ground speed, altitude, estimated time en-route, and/ordistance to destination, may be provided.

Similarly, data from the GPS sensor (230) may be used to update mapsdisplayed as flight application content, data from the pressure sensor(240) may be used to provide an altitude estimate, and data from thetemperature sensor (250) may be used to display a cockpit ambienttemperature.

In addition to the described visual output, audio output may also beprovided. For example, certain information such as traffic alerts may beprovided in spoken language. To enable an aircraft crew member toreceive the audio output, the aircraft crew member may wear a headsetwith Bluetooth support, paired with the aircraft crew computing device(300).

The user interface (310) may also include input elements that enable theaircraft crew member to control the content provided by the userinterface. The input elements may include, but are not limited to atouchscreen interface, a keyboard, and/or a mouse.

Additional functions that relate to the combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice may be provided by an aircraft crew computing device. Forexample, an aircraft crew member may manually activate the buzzer of thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device to familiarize himself or herselfwith the audio alert issued by the combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice when an elevated CO concentration is detected. In addition, anaircraft crew computing device may be used to perform software updateson the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 5A, and 5B show flowcharts in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the disclosure. While the various steps in theseflowcharts are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinaryskill will appreciate that some or all of these steps may be executed indifferent orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all of thesteps may be executed in parallel. In one embodiment of the disclosure,the steps shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 5A, and 5B may be performed inparallel with any other steps shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 5A, and 5B,without departing from the disclosure. The flowcharts of FIGS. 4A, 4B,and 4C show steps that may be performed by a combined ADS-B and COdetecting device, whereas the flowcharts of FIGS. 5A and 5B show stepsthat may be performed by an aircraft crew computing device.

Turning to FIG. 4A, a method for CO monitoring, performed by thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure, is shown. The steps of the method may berepeatedly executed to perform a continuous CO monitoring.

In Step 400, a CO reading is obtained from the CO sensor. The CO readingmay be obtained by the processor of the combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice at regular time intervals.

Subsequently, in Steps 402 and 404, the CO reading is compared againstone or more CO threshold values to issue an alert, if the threshold isexceeded.

In Step 402, a test is performed to determine whether the CO readingexceeds a caution threshold. The caution threshold may be set at aparticular CO concentration in the ambient air, for example, at 75 partsper million (ppm). Any other value may be selected for the cautionthreshold, without departing from the disclosure. The caution thresholdmay be set at a CO concentration known to cause symptoms (e.g.,headache, fatigue, nausea) in a human. If the CO reading is at or belowthe caution threshold, the method may proceed with the execution of Step406. If the CO reading exceeds the caution threshold, the method mayproceed with the execution of Step 404.

In Step 404, a test is performed to determine whether the CO readingexceeds a danger threshold. The danger threshold may be set at aparticular CO concentration in the ambient air, for example, at 200 ppm.Any other value may be selected for the caution threshold, withoutdeparting from the disclosure. The danger threshold may be set at a COconcentration at which prolonged exposure may cause disorientation,unconsciousness, and/or death. If the CO reading is at or below thecaution threshold, the method may proceed with the execution of Step408. If the CO reading exceeds the caution threshold, the method mayproceed with the execution of Step 410.

In Step 406, the CO monitoring status is set to “normal”, in Step 408,the CO monitoring status is set to “caution”, and in Step 410, the COmonitoring status is set to “danger”. The CO monitoring status may berepresented by any type of flag or variable.

While not shown, the CO sensor may also provide a CO sensor status. TheCO sensor status may be a result of a periodically performed self-testand may indicate whether or not the CO sensor successfully passed theself-test.

In Step 412, the CO reading, the CO monitoring status and/or the COsensor status are integrated with ADS-B transmission data to form a datastream. The data stream may be based on the GDL90 protocol used for thecommunications of the between ADS-B device. The protocol may be extendedto carry the additional data associated with the CO sensor. In addition,data from the other sensors such as the GPS sensor, the pressure sensor,the temperature sensor, and/or the attitude and heading reference systemmay be added to the data stream.

In Step 414, the data stream is transmitted to one or more of theaircraft crew devices. The data stream may be transmitted via thewireless communication module. The wireless communication module mayoperate as a wireless access point, and one or more of the connectedaircraft crew computing devices may receive the data stream.

After completion of Step 414, the method may re-execute to continuouslyprovide CO monitoring, and to send updated sensor data to the connectedaircraft crew computing device(s).

Turning to FIG. 4B, a method for indicating a CO monitoring status,performed by the combined ADS-B and CO detecting device, in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the disclosure, is shown. The steps ofthe method may be repeatedly executed to provide a recently updated COmonitoring status.

In Step 450, a test is performed to determine whether the CO monitoringstatus is “danger”, and whether a silencing period has expired. BecauseStep 450 also tests for the expiration of a silencing period, a “danger”CO monitoring status does not result in an alert while in the silencingperiod. The silencing period may be any time interval, for example, fiveminutes. Additional details regarding the silencing period are providedbelow. If the CO monitoring status is “danger” and the silencing periodhas expired, the method may proceed with the execution of Step 452.Otherwise, the method may proceed with the execution of Step 454.

In Step 452, one or more status indicators of the combined ADS-B and COdetecting device are activated to indicate the “danger” status. Thestatus indicator may be a red LED and/or a buzzer. Any other statusindicators may be assigned to the “danger” status without departing fromthe disclosure.

In Step 454, a test is performed to determine whether the CO monitoringstatus is “caution”. Another test whether the silencing period hasexpired may or may not be performed. If the CO monitoring status is“caution” and (optionally) if the silencing period has expired, themethod may proceed with the execution of Step 456. Otherwise, the methodmay proceed with the execution of Step 458.

In Step 456, one or more status indicators are activated to indicate the“caution” status. The status indicator may be a yellow LED. Any otherstatus indicators may be assigned to the “caution” status withoutdeparting from the disclosure.

While not shown in the flowchart, other status indicators may exist. Forexample, when a malfunction of the CO sensor is indicated by the COsensor status, an LED may be flashing.

In Step 458, the one or more status indicators are deactivated. Thedeactivation may include the silencing of the buzzer. The silencedbuzzer may allow an aircraft crew member to assess and potentiallyaddress the elevated CO levels without being distracted by the alarmsignal of the buzzer. The status indicator LED may nor may not beextinguished in Step 458, depending on the CO monitoring status.Specifically, when the CO level is elevated during the silencing period,the LED may not be extinguished. Accordingly, the LED may indicate a“danger” or “caution” status, even when the buzzer is silenced. Further,the LED, instead of being extinguished at normal CO concentrations, mayturn green to indicate that the measured CO concentration is safe.

Turning to FIG. 4C, a method for resetting the CO sensor, in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the disclosure, is shown. The steps ofthe method may be repeatedly executed to enable a reset at any time.

In Step 470, a test is performed to determine whether the CO sensorreset command has been received. The CO sensor reset command may beprovided by an aircraft crew member in various ways. The CO sensor resetcommand may be provided by pressing the power button of the combinedADS-B and CO detecting device. The CO sensor reset command may also beprovided via an aircraft crew computing device. For example, an aircraftcrew member may confirm a CO status notification provided in the userinterface, as further discussed below with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B.If a CO sensor reset command is detected, the method may proceed withthe execution of Step 472. Otherwise, the method may remain in Step 470.

In Step 472, the variable representing the time elapsed since the lastreset is re-initialized. In case of an upward-counting timer, thevariable may be re-initialized to zero. Alternatively, if adownward-counting timer is used to measure the elapsed time, thedownward-counting time may be reset to its initial value, for example,five minutes.

Turning to FIG. 5A, a method for CO monitoring, performed by an aircraftcrew computing device, in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure, is shown. The steps of the method may be repeatedly executedto perform a continuous CO monitoring.

In Step 500, the data stream is received from the combined ADS-B and COdetecting device. The data stream may be processed to separate COsensor-related data from ADS-B data and/or other data. The ADS-B datamay subsequently be provided to the flight application and/or the userinterface. GPS sensor data, pressure sensor data, temperature sensordata, and/or attitude heading reference system data may be used in asimilar manner. The CO sensor data is processed a subsequentlydiscussed.

In Step 502, a test is performed to determine whether the CO monitoringstatus is “danger”, and whether a silencing period has expired. In oneembodiment of the disclosure, the CO monitoring status, extracted fromthe data stream, is used. Alternatively, the CO monitoring status may bedetermined by comparing the CO reading, extracted from the data stream,against a danger threshold implemented on the aircraft computing device.The threshold may be set as previously described. If the CO monitoringstatus is “danger” and the silencing period has expired, the method mayproceed with the execution of Step 504. Otherwise, the method mayproceed with the execution of Step 506.

In Step 504, the “danger” status is signaled. The “danger” status may besignaled by visual and/or acoustic indicators. The visual indicators mayinclude popup windows, status messages, or other visual changes in theuser interface that make the aircraft crew member aware of the detecteddangerous CO concentration. The audio indicators may include spokenmessages, provided to the aircraft crew member, e.g., via the crewmember's headset.

In Step 506, a test is performed to determine whether the CO monitoringstatus is “caution”. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the COmonitoring status, extracted from the data stream, is used.Alternatively, the CO monitoring status may be determined by comparingthe CO reading, extracted from the data stream, against a dangerthreshold implemented on the aircraft computing device. The thresholdmay be set as previously described. Another test whether the silencingperiod has expired may or may not be performed. If the CO monitoringstatus is “caution” and (optionally) if the silencing period hasexpired, the method may proceed with the execution of Step 508.Otherwise, the method may proceed without the execution of Step 508.

In Step 508, the “caution” status is signaled. The “caution” status maybe signal by visual and/or acoustic indicators. The visual indicatorsmay include popup windows, status messages, or other visual changes inthe user interface that make the aircraft crew member aware of thedetected elevated CO concentration. The audio indicators may includespoken messages, provided to the aircraft crew member, e.g., via thecrew member's headset.

While not shown in the flowcharts, a CO reading may also be available tothe aircraft crew member. The aircraft crew member may access the COreading in a menu, a status bar, etc. In addition, a message may beprovided to the aircraft crew member when the CO sensor fails theself-test.

In one or more embodiments, CO sensor-related messages may be providedto the aircraft crew member regardless of what component of the flightapplication is currently accessed via the user interface. For example,the user interface may be displaying traffic or weather information whenan elevated detected CO reading triggers a popup window to notify theaircraft crew member of the potentially hazardous situation.

Turning to FIG. 5B, a method for issuing a CO sensor reset command, inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure, is shown. Thesteps of the method may be repeatedly executed to allow an aircraft crewmember to reset the CO sensor at any time.

In Step 550, a test is performed to determine whether an acknowledgementof the CO status by an aircraft crew member has been received. Anaircraft crew member may provide an acknowledgement in various ways toconfirm that he or she is aware of the detected elevated COconcentration. An aircraft crew member may press the power button of thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device. In this case, the combined ADS-Band CO detecting device may notify the connected aircraft crew computingdevices of the received aircraft crew member acknowledgement.Alternatively, the aircraft crew member acknowledgement may be receivedby the aircraft crew computing device itself. For example, an aircraftcrew member may confirm a CO status notification provided in the userinterface by selecting a checkbox or pushbutton to acknowledge the COstatus notification. If an acknowledgement of the CO status is detected,the method may proceed with the execution of Step 552. Otherwise, themethod may remain in Step 550.

In Step 552, the CO status notification is canceled. Canceling the COstatus notification may involve closing a popup window, silencing anaudio message, and/or any other action that restores the user interfaceto the state prior to the issuance of the CO status notification.

In Step 554, a CO sensor reset command is issued to the combined ADS-Band CO detecting device. The CO sensor reset command may be transmittedusing the wireless interface between the ADS-B and CO detecting deviceand the aircraft crew computing device.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a user interface (600), in accordance withone or more embodiments of the disclosure. The user interface (600) asshown may be displayed on the aircraft crew computing device (300). Theuser interface (600) in the example includes flight application content(610). The flight application content (610) is a map as it may be usedby an aircraft crew member. A popup window (620) is superimposed. Thepopup window (620) includes a warning, indicating that the CO levelinside the aircraft cabin has reached dangerous levels. The popup window(620) includes a confirmation button (630), allowing the crew member toconfirm the warning, which would hide the popup window (620) for fiveminutes, and which may further silence audio alerts.

Embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented on a computing system.Any combination of mobile, desktop, server, router, switch, embeddeddevice, or other types of hardware may be used. For example, as shown inFIG. 7A, the computing system (700) may include one or more computerprocessors (702), non-persistent storage (704) (e.g., volatile memory,such as random access memory (RAM), cache memory), persistent storage(706) (e.g., a hard disk, an optical drive such as a compact disk (CD)drive or digital versatile disk (DVD) drive, a flash memory, etc.), acommunication interface (712) (e.g., Bluetooth interface, infraredinterface, network interface, optical interface, etc.), and numerousother elements and functionalities.

The computer processor(s) (702) may be an integrated circuit forprocessing instructions. For example, the computer processor(s) may beone or more cores or micro-cores of a processor. The computing system(700) may also include one or more input devices (710), such as atouchscreen, keyboard, mouse, microphone, touchpad, electronic pen, orany other type of input device.

The communication interface (712) may include an integrated circuit forconnecting the computing system (700) to a network (not shown) (e.g., alocal area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as theInternet, mobile network, or any other type of network) and/or toanother device, such as another computing device.

Further, the computing system (700) may include one or more outputdevices (708), such as a screen (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), aplasma display, touchscreen, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, projector,or other display device), a printer, external storage, or any otheroutput device. One or more of the output devices may be the same ordifferent from the input device(s). The input and output device(s) maybe locally or remotely connected to the computer processor(s) (702),non-persistent storage (704), and persistent storage (706). Manydifferent types of computing systems exist, and the aforementioned inputand output device(s) may take other forms.

Software instructions in the form of computer readable program code toperform embodiments of the disclosure may be stored, in whole or inpart, temporarily or permanently, on a non-transitory computer readablemedium such as a CD, DVD, storage device, a diskette, a tape, flashmemory, physical memory, or any other computer readable storage medium.Specifically, the software instructions may correspond to computerreadable program code that, when executed by a processor(s), isconfigured to perform one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

The computing system (700) in FIG. 7A may be connected to or be a partof a network. For example, as shown in FIG. 7B, the network (720) mayinclude multiple nodes (e.g., node X (722), node Y (724)). Each node maycorrespond to a computing system, such as the computing system shown inFIG. 7A, or a group of nodes combined may correspond to the computingsystem shown in FIG. 7A. By way of an example, embodiments of thedisclosure may be implemented on a node of a distributed system that isconnected to other nodes. By way of another example, embodiments of thedisclosure may be implemented on a distributed computing system havingmultiple nodes, where each portion of the disclosure may be located on adifferent node within the distributed computing system. Further, one ormore elements of the aforementioned computing system (700) may belocated at a remote location and connected to the other elements over anetwork.

Although not shown in FIG. 7B, the node may correspond to a blade in aserver chassis that is connected to other nodes via a backplane. By wayof another example, the node may correspond to a server in a datacenter. By way of another example, the node may correspond to a computerprocessor or micro-core of a computer processor with shared memoryand/or resources.

The nodes (e.g., node X (722), node Y (724)) in the network (720) may beconfigured to provide services for a client device (726). For example,the nodes may be part of a cloud computing system. The nodes may includefunctionality to receive requests from the client device (726) andtransmit responses to the client device (726). The client device (726)may be a computing system, such as the computing system shown in FIG.7A. Further, the client device (726) may include and/or perform all or aportion of one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

The computing system or group of computing systems described in FIGS. 7Aand 7B may include functionality to perform a variety of operationsdisclosed herein. For example, the computing system(s) may performcommunication between processes on the same or different system. Avariety of mechanisms, employing some form of active or passivecommunication, may facilitate the exchange of data between processes onthe same device. Examples representative of these inter-processcommunications include, but are not limited to, the implementation of afile, a signal, a socket, a message queue, a pipeline, a semaphore,shared memory, message passing, and a memory-mapped file. Furtherdetails pertaining to a couple of these non-limiting examples areprovided below.

Based on the client-server networking model, sockets may serve asinterfaces or communication channel end-points enabling bidirectionaldata transfer between processes on the same device. Foremost, followingthe client-server networking model, a server process (e.g., a processthat provides data) may create a first socket object. Next, the serverprocess binds the first socket object, thereby associating the firstsocket object with a unique name and/or address. After creating andbinding the first socket object, the server process then waits andlistens for incoming connection requests from one or more clientprocesses (e.g., processes that seek data). At this point, when a clientprocess wishes to obtain data from a server process, the client processstarts by creating a second socket object. The client process thenproceeds to generate a connection request that includes at least thesecond socket object and the unique name and/or address associated withthe first socket object. The client process then transmits theconnection request to the server process. Depending on availability, theserver process may accept the connection request, establishing acommunication channel with the client process, or the server process,busy in handling other operations, may queue the connection request in abuffer until server process is ready. An established connection informsthe client process that communications may commence. In response, theclient process may generate a data request specifying the data that theclient process wishes to obtain. The data request is subsequentlytransmitted to the server process. Upon receiving the data request, theserver process analyzes the request and gathers the requested data.Finally, the server process then generates a reply including at leastthe requested data and transmits the reply to the client process. Thedata may be transferred, more commonly, as datagrams or a stream ofcharacters (e.g., bytes).

Shared memory refers to the allocation of virtual memory space in orderto substantiate a mechanism for which data may be communicated and/oraccessed by multiple processes. In implementing shared memory, aninitializing process first creates a shareable segment in persistent ornon-persistent storage. Post creation, the initializing process thenmounts the shareable segment, subsequently mapping the shareable segmentinto the address space associated with the initializing process.Following the mounting, the initializing process proceeds to identifyand grant access permission to one or more authorized processes that mayalso write and read data to and from the shareable segment. Changes madeto the data in the shareable segment by one process may immediatelyaffect other processes, which are also linked to the shareable segment.Further, when one of the authorized processes accesses the shareablesegment, the shareable segment maps to the address space of thatauthorized process. Often, only one authorized process may mount theshareable segment, other than the initializing process, at any giventime.

Other techniques may be used to share data, such as the various datadescribed in the present application, between processes withoutdeparting from the scope of the disclosure. The processes may be part ofthe same or different application and may execute on the same ordifferent computing system.

Rather than or in addition to sharing data between processes, thecomputing system performing one or more embodiments of the disclosuremay include functionality to receive data from a user. For example, inone or more embodiments, a user may submit data via a graphical userinterface (GUI) on the user device. Data may be submitted via thegraphical user interface by a user selecting one or more graphical userinterface widgets or inserting text and other data into graphical userinterface widgets using a touchpad, a keyboard, a mouse, or any otherinput device. In response to selecting a particular item, informationregarding the particular item may be obtained from persistent ornon-persistent storage by the computer processor. Upon selection of theitem by the user, the contents of the obtained data regarding theparticular item may be displayed on the user device in response to theuser's selection.

By way of another example, a request to obtain data regarding theparticular item may be sent to a server operatively connected to theuser device through a network. For example, the user may select auniform resource locator (URL) link within a web client of the userdevice, thereby initiating a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or otherprotocol request being sent to the network host associated with the URL.In response to the request, the server may extract the data regardingthe particular selected item and send the data to the device thatinitiated the request. Once the user device has received the dataregarding the particular item, the contents of the received dataregarding the particular item may be displayed on the user device inresponse to the user's selection. Further to the above example, the datareceived from the server after selecting the URL link may provide a webpage in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) that may be rendered by theweb client and displayed on the user device.

Once data is obtained, such as by using techniques described above orfrom storage, the computing system, in performing one or moreembodiments of the disclosure, may extract one or more data items fromthe obtained data. For example, the extraction may be performed asfollows by the computing system in FIG. 7A. First, the organizingpattern (e.g., grammar, schema, layout) of the data is determined, whichmay be based on one or more of the following: position (e.g., bit orcolumn position, Nth token in a data stream, etc.), attribute (where theattribute is associated with one or more values), or a hierarchical/treestructure (consisting of layers of nodes at different levels ofdetail-such as in nested packet headers or nested document sections).Then, the raw, unprocessed stream of data symbols is parsed, in thecontext of the organizing pattern, into a stream (or layered structure)of tokens (where each token may have an associated token “type”).

Next, extraction criteria are used to extract one or more data itemsfrom the token stream or structure, where the extraction criteria areprocessed according to the organizing pattern to extract one or moretokens (or nodes from a layered structure). For position-based data, thetoken(s) at the position(s) identified by the extraction criteria areextracted. For attribute/value-based data, the token(s) and/or node(s)associated with the attribute(s) satisfying the extraction criteria areextracted. For hierarchical/layered data, the token(s) associated withthe node(s) matching the extraction criteria are extracted. Theextraction criteria may be as simple as an identifier string or may be aquery provided to a structured data repository (where the datarepository may be organized according to a database schema or dataformat, such as XML).

The extracted data may be used for further processing by the computingsystem. For example, the computing system of FIG. 7A, while performingone or more embodiments of the disclosure, may perform data comparison.Data comparison may be used to compare two or more data values (e.g., A,B). For example, one or more embodiments may determine whether A>B, A=B,A !=B, A<B, etc. The comparison may be performed by submitting A, B, andan opcode specifying an operation related to the comparison into anarithmetic logic unit (ALU) (i.e., circuitry that performs arithmeticand/or bitwise logical operations on the two data values). The ALUoutputs the numerical result of the operation and/or one or more statusflags related to the numerical result. For example, the status flags mayindicate whether the numerical result is a positive number, a negativenumber, zero, etc. By selecting the proper opcode and then reading thenumerical results and/or status flags, the comparison may be executed.For example, in order to determine if A>B, B may be subtracted from A(i.e., A−B), and the status flags may be read to determine if the resultis positive (i.e., if A>B, then A−B>0). In one or more embodiments, Bmay be considered a threshold, and A is deemed to satisfy the thresholdif A=B or if A>B, as determined using the ALU. In one or moreembodiments of the disclosure, A and B may be vectors, and comparing Awith B requires comparing the first element of vector A with the firstelement of vector B, the second element of vector A with the secondelement of vector B, etc. In one or more embodiments, if A and B arestrings, the binary values of the strings may be compared.

The computing system in FIG. 7A may implement and/or be connected to adata repository. For example, one type of data repository is a database.A database is a collection of information configured for ease of dataretrieval, modification, re-organization, and deletion. DatabaseManagement System (DBMS) is a software application that provides aninterface for users to define, create, query, update, or administerdatabases.

The user, or software application, may submit a statement or query intothe DBMS. Then the DBMS interprets the statement. The statement may be aselect statement to request information, update statement, createstatement, delete statement, etc. Moreover, the statement may includeparameters that specify data, or data container (database, table,record, column, view, etc.), identifier(s), conditions (comparisonoperators), functions (e.g. join, full join, count, average, etc.), sort(e.g. ascending, descending), or others. The DBMS may execute thestatement. For example, the DBMS may access a memory buffer, a referenceor index a file for read, write, deletion, or any combination thereof,for responding to the statement. The DBMS may load the data frompersistent or non-persistent storage and perform computations to respondto the query. The DBMS may return the result(s) to the user or softwareapplication.

The computing system of FIG. 7A may include functionality to provide rawand/or processed data, such as results of comparisons and otherprocessing. For example, providing data may be accomplished throughvarious presenting methods. Specifically, data may be provided through auser interface provided by a computing device. The user interface mayinclude a GUI that displays information on a display device, such as acomputer monitor or a touchscreen on a handheld computer device. The GUImay include various GUI widgets that organize what data is shown as wellas how data is provided to a user. Furthermore, the GUI may provide datadirectly to the user, e.g., data provided as actual data values throughtext, or rendered by the computing device into a visual representationof the data, such as through visualizing a data model.

For example, a GUI may first obtain a notification from a softwareapplication requesting that a particular data object be provided withinthe GUI. Next, the GUI may determine a data object type associated withthe particular data object, e.g., by obtaining data from a dataattribute within the data object that identifies the data object type.Then, the GUI may determine any rules designated for displaying thatdata object type, e.g., rules specified by a software framework for adata object class or according to any local parameters defined by theGUI for presenting that data object type. Finally, the GUI may obtaindata values from the particular data object and render a visualrepresentation of the data values within a display device according tothe designated rules for that data object type.

Data may also be provided through various audio methods. In particular,data may be rendered into an audio format and provided as sound throughone or more speakers operably connected to a computing device.

Data may also be provided to a user through haptic methods. For example,haptic methods may include vibrations or other physical signalsgenerated by the computing system. For example, data may be provided toa user using a vibration generated by a handheld computer device with apredefined duration and intensity of the vibration to communicate thedata.

The above description of functions presents only a few examples offunctions performed by the computing system of FIG. 7A and the nodesand/or client device in FIG. 7B. Other functions may be performed usingone or more embodiments of the disclosure.

While the disclosed technology has been described with respect to alimited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefitof this disclosed technology, will appreciate that other embodiments canbe devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosedtechnology as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosedtechnology should be limited only by the attached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A combined automatic dependent surveillancebroadcast (ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO) detecting device comprising:an ADS-B circuitry configured to receive an ADS-B transmission; a COsensor configured to obtain a CO reading for ambient air in an aircraftcabin; a status indicator configured to provide an alert when theobtained CO reading exceeds a CO threshold value, wherein the COthreshold value establishes one of a caution threshold and a dangerthreshold for CO concentration in the ambient air; a processorconfigured to generate a data stream combining the ADS-B transmissionand the CO reading; and a wireless communication circuitry configured toprovide the data stream to at least one aircraft crew computing device.2. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 1, furthercomprising a suction cup mount for removable installation of thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device on a surface in the aircraftcabin.
 3. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 1, whereinthe received ADS-B transmission comprises at least one selected from aninflight weather information, a traffic information, and notices toairmen (NOTAMs).
 4. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim1, wherein the CO sensor performs a periodic self-test.
 5. The combinedADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 1, wherein the status indicatorcomprises at least one of a light emitting diode and a buzzer.
 6. Thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 1, further comprising atleast one of a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a pressuresensor, a temperature sensor, and an attitude and heading referencesystem (AHRS).
 7. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 6,wherein the AHRS enables a real-time depiction of the aircraft'sattitude on the at least one aircraft crew computing device.
 8. Thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 6, wherein thetemperature sensor acquires a temperature reading, and wherein theprocessor is further configured to perform a temperature compensation ofthe CO reading using the temperature reading.
 9. The combined ADS-B andCO detecting device of claim 1, further comprising a built- in battery.10. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 1, furthercomprising a memory configured to store a history of ADS-Btransmissions.
 11. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim1, wherein the wireless communication circuitry operates as a wirelessaccess point.
 12. A combined automatic dependent surveillance broadcast(ADS-B) and carbon monoxide (CO) detecting device comprising: an ADS-Bcircuitry configured to receive an ADS-B transmission; a CO sensorconfigured to obtain a CO reading for ambient air in an aircraft cabin;a suction cup mount for removable installation of the combined ADS-B andCO detecting device on a surface in the aircraft cabin; a processorconfigured to generate a data stream combining the ADS-B transmissionand the CO reading; and a wireless communication circuitry configured toprovide the data stream to at least one aircraft crew computing device.13. A combined automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) andcarbon monoxide (CO) detecting device comprising: an ADS-B circuitryconfigured to receive an ADS-B transmission; a CO sensor configured to:obtain a CO reading for ambient air in an aircraft cabin, and perform aperiodic self-test; a processor configured to generate a data streamcombining the ADS-B transmission and the CO reading; and a wirelesscommunication circuitry configured to provide the data stream to atleast one aircraft crew computing device.
 14. The combined ADS-B and COdetecting device of claim 12, wherein the received ADS- B transmissioncomprises at least one selected from an inflight weather information, atraffic information, and notices to airmen (NOTAMs).
 15. The combinedADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 12, wherein the CO sensorperforms a periodic self-test.
 16. The combined ADS-B and CO detectingdevice of claim 12, further comprising at least one of a globalpositioning system (GPS) sensor, a pressure sensor, a temperaturesensor, and an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS).
 17. Thecombined ADS-B and CO detecting device of claim 12, further comprising abuilt-in battery.
 18. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device ofclaim 12, further comprising a memory configured to store a history ofADS-B transmissions.
 19. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device ofclaim 12, wherein the wireless communication circuitry operates as awireless access point.
 20. The combined ADS-B and CO detecting device ofclaim 13, further comprising at least one of a global positioning system(GPS) sensor, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, and an attitudeand heading reference system (AHRS).